{"id":11209,"date":"2023-07-25T09:41:55","date_gmt":"2023-07-25T06:11:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dorontash.com\/ar\/?p=11209"},"modified":"2023-07-25T09:41:55","modified_gmt":"2023-07-25T06:11:55","slug":"%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dorontash.com\/ar\/%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631.\u00a0\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 138 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u063a<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0: \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0639\u0648\u062b \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0634\u063a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627-\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0646 (\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627) \u0639\u0627\u0645 97 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f.\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u060c \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062b \u060c \u0648\u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Xuanzang:<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0646\u063a.\u00a0\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0649 16 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0635<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0: \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0635 \u060c \u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 636 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a.\u00a0\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Hui Chao (Hwi Chao)<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0: \u0643\u0627\u0646 Hui Chao \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0646 713 \u0625\u0644\u0649 741 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f.\u00a0\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0: \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1250 \u0645 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631.\u00a0\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643.\u00a0\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646.\u00a0\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 10000 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0646.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648:\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kojaro.com\/2023\/1\/17\/194752\/marcopolo-venetian-merchantexplorer-writer\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646.\u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a (1275 \u0645).\u00a0\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u060c \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631.\u00a0\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0649 24 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0646.\u00a0\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1295 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.\u00a0\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 &#8220;\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648&#8221;.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0: \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u060c \u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1325 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1354 \u0645.\u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Giovanni de Marignolli (Giovanni de Marignolli)<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0: \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1339. \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u061b\u00a0\u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1342 \u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u0632.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 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